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A Behavior Change Method, or Behavior Change Technique, is a theory-based method for changing one or several psychological determinants of behavior such as a person's attitude or self-efficacy. Such behavior change methods are used in behavior change interventions. Although of course attempts to influence people's attitude and other psychological determinants were much older,〔Hovland, C. I., Janis, I. L., & Kelley, H. H. (1953). ''Communications and persuasion: Psychological studies in opinion change.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.〕 especially the definition developed in the late nineties yielded useful insights,〔Bartholomew, L.K., Parcel, G.S. & Kok, G., 1998. Intervention Mapping: a process for designing theory- and evidence-based health education programs. 'Health Education & Behavior', 25, 545-563.〕 in particular four important benefits: # It developed a generic, abstract vocabulary that facilitated discussion of the active ingredients of an intervention # It emphasized the distinction between behavior change methods and practical applications of these methods # It included the concept of 'parameters for effectiveness', important conditions for effectiveness often neglected # It drew attention to the fact that behavior change methods are influence specific determinants (when developing an intervention, one first has to identify the relevant determinant, and then identify matching behavior change methods, see also the steps in Intervention Mapping). Traditionally, reports of evaluations of behavior change interventions barely described the actual intervention,〔Schaalma, H. & Kok, G. (2009). Decoding health education interventions: The times are a-changin'. ''Psychology & Health'', 24, 5-9. DOI: (10.1080/08870440801995802 )〕 making it very difficult to identify the most effective methods. This was increasingly recognized in the late nineties and early twenty-first century, where behavior change methods gained increasing popularity, and another taxonomy was developed and subsequently gained popularity that enabled coding previously published interventions.〔Abraham, C. & Michie, S. (2008). A taxonomy of behavior change techniques used in interventions. Health Psychology, 27, 379-387.〕 == Basic definition of behavior change methods == A behavior change method is any process that has the potential to influence psychological determinants.〔Bartholomew, L. K., Parcel, G. S., Kok, G., Gottlieb, N. H., & Fernández, M.E., 2011. ''Planning health promotion programs; an Intervention Mapping approach'', 3rd Ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.〕 Psychological determinants are theoretical variables in people's head, comparable to risk factors in epidemiology, but only including psychological variables. Examples of such determinants are attitude, risk perception (which is in fact an element of the attitude determinant according to the Reasoned Action Approach), self-efficacy, and habit. These determinants are included in theories of behavior explanation such as the Reasoned Action Approach and Health Belief Model. Other theories explain how such determinants may be changed, such as the Social Cognitive Theory (which is in fact also a theory to explain behavior), the Elaboration Likelihood Model, and the Extended Parallel Process Model. Examples of well-known, and frequently applied, behavior change methods are fear appeals, persuasive communication, and modeling. The concept of a behavior change method can be illustrated, for example, using the metaphor of physical exercise. When a person wants to get larger biceps, the person can use a dumbbell and perform exercises. These exercises cause changes in the biceps that cause it to grow. The underlying principle that exercising a muscle causes it to grow (in a nutshell) is called the change method. Of course, this method can have a variety of different applications depending on which muscle the person wants to train. In addition, there are certain parameters that must be satisfied for the exercises to be effective. It is important to realize that there is no 'golden behavior change method'. Although some behavior change methods, such as modeling, can be used to target several determinants, there exists no method capable of influencing all determinants. In addition, depending on the context and target population of an intervention, and the practical applications that can be used, some methods may be more appropriate choices for influencing a determinant than others.〔 However, it can be said that in general, including more behavior change methods does increase the effectiveness of an intervention.〔Webb, T. L., Joseph, J., Yardley, L., & Michie, S. (2010). Using the internet to promote health behavior change: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of theoretical basis, use of behavior change techniques, and mode of delivery on efficacy. ''Journal of medical Internet research'', 12(1), e4. doi:10.2196/jmir.1376〕〔Peters, L. W. H., Kok, G., Ten Dam, G. T. M., Buijs, G. J., & Paulussen, T. G. W. M. (2009). Effective elements of school health promotion across behavioral domains: a systematic review of reviews. ''BMC public health'', 9, 182. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-182〕〔de Bruin, M., Viechtbauer, W., Hospers, H. J., Schaalma, H. P., & Kok, G. (2009). ''Standard care quality determines treatment outcomes in control groups of HAART-adherence intervention studies: implications for the interpretation and comparison of intervention effects.'' Health Psychology, 28(6), 668-74. doi:10.1037/a0015989〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Behavior change methods」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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